Xam Helper Class 10th SST Section 2 Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Very Short Answers Question

1. Name the book published by E.T. Paul?
1. Dawn of the Century.
2. How is history of industrialisation often related to First Factories?
1. When we talk of industrial workers, we mean factory workers. When we talk of industrial production we refer to factory production. So, often we associate industrialisation with the growth of factory industry.
3. What does ‘Proto Industrialisation’ mean?
1. Even before factories began to dot landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production, for an international market, which was not based on factories. This phase of industrialisation is called proto industrialisation.
4. What were ‘trade guilds’?
1. These were associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
5. Why did merchants turn to countryside?
1. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So, they turned to the countryside.
6. Who is a ‘Stapler’ and a ‘ fuller’?
1. A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre is called a stapler.
2. A person who fulls and gathers cloth by pleating is called fuller.
7. How did income from proto-industrial production supplement the shrinking income of small farmers?
1. Many farmers had tiny plots, which could not provide work for all the members of the household. So, merchants offered advances to produce goods for them. Peasants agreed as by working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots too.
8. Which place was known as ‘finishing centre’?
1. London was known as a ‘finishing centre.’
2. Once the cloth was ready, the finishing was done in London before the export merchants sold the cloth in the international market .
9. Who was a merchant clothier?
1. A merchant clothier got the work done from stapler, spinner, and fullers. This meant each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers on the countrysides.
10. Who created the cotton mill?
1. Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Costly new machines were purchased, set up and maintained in the mill.
11. How did introduction of cotton mill make supervision of workers easy?
1. Within the mill, all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This led to a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside (villages).
12. Which two were the first dynamic industries of Great Britain?
1. Cotton and metals. Cotton was the leading sector in first phase of industrialisation followed by iron and steel industries due to arrival of railways.
13. Had new industries totally replaced the traditional industries?
1. New industries could not easily replace the traditional industries. Textile was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories but outside, i.e., within domestic units.
14. Which non-mechanised sectors of industries were grown with small innovations?
1. These non-mechanised sectors were—food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implements.
15. What was the drawback of new technology for merchants and industrialists?
1. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. So, they were not as effective as their manufacturer claimed.
16. Who improved the steam engine? Who manufactured the new model?
1. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781.
2. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton, manufactured the new model.
17. Why did upper classes in Victorian Britain prefer things made by hand?
1. The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand or handmade products, which came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed.
18. How were workers hostile to new technology?
1. Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. This conflict continued for a long time.
19. From which pre-colonial ports was vibrant sea trade operated?
1. Surat on Gujarat coast, connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports, Masulipatam on the Coromandal Coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
20. How did Indian merchants and bankers help in the export of trade?
1. Many Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of export trade by financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
21. Why did East India company want to establish its monopoly on the rights to trade?
1. The East India company proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition between British, Dutch, French and Portuguese. It could also have full control on its costs and ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods.
22. Who was a ‘Gomastha’?
1. Gomastha was a paid servant, who would supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
23. Why were loans given to the weavers by the Gomasthas?
1. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to handover the cloth they produced to the Gomasthas. They could not take it to any other trader.
24. What was the prediction of Henry Patullo, a company official about Indian textiles?
1. In 1772, Henry Patullo had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality.
25. Which two problems were faced by cotton weavers in India?
1. Their export market collapsed.
2. Local market shrank, being glutted with Manchesters imports
26. When did the first cotton mill come up in India?
1. The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later.
27. When was the first jute mill set up in India?
1. Jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another seven years later in 1862.
28. Name the entrepreneurs or industrialists of India.
1. In Bengal: Dwarkanath Tagore
2. In Bombay: Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanji Tata
3. In Calcutta: Seth Hukum Chand
4. In Calcutta: G.D. Birla
29. How did Dinshaw Petit and J.N. Tata establish their industrial empire in Bombay?
1. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and J.N. Tata built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
30. Name the European Managing agencies which controlled a large sector of Indian industries after the First World War.
1. The Three of the biggest agencies were:
1. Bird Heiglers & Co.
2. Andrew Yule & Co.
3. Jardine Skinner & Co.
31. How did European agencies control Indian industries?
1. These agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. In most instances,Indian financiers provided the capital while European Agencies made allthe investment and business decisions.
32. Where did the workers come from, to work in cotton mills?
1. In Bombay, cotton industries workers came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur.
33. Who was a jobber?
1. Very often the jobber was employed by industrialists to get new recruits. He used to be an old trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.
34. In which industries were European managing agencies interested?
1. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government and they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
35. Which products were produced by Indian factories during First World War?
1. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply what was needed i.e. jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items
36. What was ‘fly shuttle?’
1. It was a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pullies. The invention of fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of clothes.
37. What were the benefits of fly shuttle?
1. Fly shuttles increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. So, it helped weavers improve their productivity and compute with the mill sector.
38. Why was advertisement of the products made in India?
1. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. They played an important role in expanding the markets for products and shaping a new consumer culture.
39. Why were labels used on cloth bundles?
1. The label was needed to make the place of manufacturer and the name of company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality.
40. Why did images of gods and goddesses appear on the labels?
1. Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on the labels as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear familiar to Indian people.
41. Why were manufacturers printing calendars to popularise their product?
1. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were living in tea shops and poor people’s homes as much as in offices and middles-class apartments. And those who hung the calendars had to see the advertisement day after day throughout the year.
42. Why do figures of important personages like nawabs and emperors appear on the advertisement and calendars?
1. The message often seemed to say, “If you respect the royal figure,then respect this product. When the product was being used by kings or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.
43. How did advertisements become a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi?
1. When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message, it was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce.
44. Why is this period called as ‘Age of Industries’?
1. The age of industries meant:
1. Major technological changes
2. Growth of factories
3. Making of a new industrial labour force.

Short Answers Question

1. How was cloth manufactured in England during the proto-industrial period?
• Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.
• A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler.
• From there, it was carried to the spinners, then spun yarn was taken to the fullers and then to the dyers.
• The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.
2. Why was the steam engine slow to be accepted by industries?
1. James Watt improved the steam engine and patented the new engine. His industrialist friend, Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. But for years he could find no buyers.
2. Steam engines were used in cotton and wool industries, mining, canal and iron works.
3. Steam engines were not used in any of the other industries till much later in the century. So, even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by industrialists.
3. How was infrastructure developed after the 1840s?
• Building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.
1. Roads were widened.
2. New railway stations came up.
3. Railway lines were extended, and tunnels dug up.
4. Drainage and sewers were laid.
5. Rivers were embarked, and
6. Number of workers in the transport industry doubled.
4. How did the British establish a monopoly in cotton and silk trade? OR  What steps were taken by East India Company to control the market of cotton and silk goods?
1. The company eliminated the existing traders and brokers to establish direct control over weavers. It appointed a paid servant called Gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect suppliers and examine the quality of cloth.
2. It prevented company weavers from dealing with other buyers. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the Gomasthas only. They could not take it to any other trader.
5. Why was the ‘Jobber’ employed by Indian industrialists?
1. Industrialists employed the Jobber, an old trusted worker.
2. He got people from his village, got them jobs and helped them settle in the cities.
3. Jobbers therefore, became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favour he did and started controlling the lives of the workers.
6. How did the 'fly shuttle' help in improving the handloom production ?
1. Fly shuttle was a mechanical device used for faster weaving.
2. By the second decade of the 20th century, weavers were using looms with the fly shuttle.
3. It increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.
7. How did the small-scale industries predominate in India?
1. While factory industries grew steadily after the war, large industries formed a small segment of the economy. Most of them were located in Bengal and Bombay
2. Over the rest of the country, small-scale production continued to predominate.
3. In some instances, handicrafts production actually expanded in the 20th century.
4. While cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning industry in the 19th century, handloom cloth production survived, despite problems.
8. Why was the industrial growth slow till the First World War?
1. The war created a dramatically new situation, with the British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army.
2. Manchester imports into India declined. Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
3. As the war continued, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs like jute bags, cloth for uniform, boots, etc.
9. Why could Manchester never recapture its old position in the Indian market after the war?
1. Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war.
2. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
3. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.
10. What was the condition of the weavers in surviving the famines and competition? OR  How could certain groups of weavers survive the competition with mill industries? OR How could you say that famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris?
1. Amongst weavers, some produced coarse cloth while others finer cloth.
2. The coarse cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated.
3. In times of bad harvests and famines, rural poor could not possibly buy the cloth.
4. But the rich could buy this finer cloth, when the poor starved. So famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
5. These weavers lived tough lives and worked for long durations. Very often, the entire family, including women and children had to work to survive.
11. What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the Century’?
1. There is an angel of progress, bearing the flag of the new century, and is gently perched on a wheel with wings, symbolising time.
2. The flight is taking her into the future.
3. Floating about, behind her, are the signs of progress—railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory.
12. What picture is shown on the cover of two magicians?
1. The one at the top is Aladdin from Asia, who built a beautiful palace with his magic lamp.
2. The one at the bottom is the modern mechanic, who with his modern tools weaves a new magic; builds bridges, ships, towers and high-rise buildings.
3. Aladdin is shown representing the East and the past and the mechanic stands for the West and modernity.
13. How were there clashes between gomasthas and weavers later on? OR  “The establishment of political power by the East India Company resulted in ruination of the Indian weavers”. Support the statement with suitable examples.
1. Earlier, supply merchants belonged to the same village and looked after the needs of weavers.
2. The new ‘gomasthas’ were outsiders, with no social links with villagers.
3. They acted arrogantly and sometimes punished weavers for delay in supply.
4. Prices received from the company were miserably low.
5. Loans tied them to the British company.
6. In many places, weavers deserted villages and migrated to other places for setting up their own looms.
14. How did factories emerge on the landscape of England?
1. In the early 19th century,factories increasingly became an intimate part of English landscape.
2. The new mills were so magical that the sight of those factories or developing new technology, dazzled the people.
3. They concentrated their attention on the mills, almost forgetting the by-lanes and the workshops where production still continued.
15. Where did the workers come from?
1. In most industrial regions, workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to industrial centres in search of work.
2. About 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got workers from the villages within the district of Kanpur.
3. Most often mill workers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals
16. “The system of advance proved harmful for the weavers.” How?
1. As loans flowed in and the demand for fine textiles expanded, weavers eagerly took the advances, hoping to earn more.
2. Many weavers had small plots of land which were cultivated to take care of their family needs. Now they had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.
3. Weaving required the labour of the entire family with children and women all engaged in different stages of the process.
Now after losing land, the weavers became dependent on others for their food supplies and other needs.

Long Answers Question

1. How did factories in England multiply in the late 18th century?
1. British cotton industries boomed in the late 18th century.
2. A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the production process.
3. Processes of carding, twisting, spinning, and rolling were made faster.
4. Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Now the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill.
5. Within the mill, all the processes were brought together under one roof and management.
6. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality  and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production took place in the countryside.
2. How rapid was the process of industrialisation in Britain?
1. The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton and metal. Cotton was the leading sector. With the expansion of railways in England and its colonies, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly.
2. The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced outside factories, within domestic units.
3. The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam powered cotton or metal industries. Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many nonmechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, etc.
4. Technological changes occurred slowly. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their investors claimed.
3. What kind of lives did the workers lead during Industrial Revolution?
1. As news of possible jobs reached the countryside, hundreds left for the cities.
2. If one had a relative or a friend in a factory, he was more likely to get a job quickly.
3. Many jobseekers had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridge or in night shelters.
4. Seasonality of work in many industries meant longer periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again.
5. The period of employment, the number of days of work determined the average daily income of the workers.
4. Why were the British worried about imports from other countries?
1. As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries.
1. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain, without facing any competition from outside.
2. Industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well.
3. Export of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.
4. At the end of the 18th century, there had been virtually no import of cotton piece goods into India but by 1850, cotton piece goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of Indian imports.
5. What problems did the cotton weavers face in India?
1. Their export market collapsed.
2. Local market also shrank as it was flooded with Manchester imports.
3. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
4. By 1860, weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.
5. When American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from the US was cut off, Britain turned towards India.
6. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up.
6. Why did industrialists in India begin shifting from yarn to cloth production?
1. When Indian businessmen began setting up industries; they avoided competing with Manchester goods in the Indian market.
2. Since yarn was not imported by British in India, early cotton mills in India started producing coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric.
3. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China.
4. As the Swadeshi Movement began, nationalists told people to boycott foreign cloth.
5. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests.
6. From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from the Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the markets.
7. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.
8. Cotton piece goods production in India almost doubled between 1900 and 1912.
7. How did the British market their goods in India?
1. Advertisement of the product: Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. During the Industrial age, advertisements played a major role in expanding the markets for products.
2. Putting labels on the cloth bundles: The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyers. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on a label, they would feel confident about buying the cloth.
3. Images of Indian Gods and Goddesses: It was as if association with Gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. Images of Krishna or Saraswati was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian people.
4. Printing calendars to popularise their products: Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes, just as much as in offices and middle class houses.
8. Why did merchants turn to countryside, rather than setting up business in towns?
1. Merchants supplied money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
2. Demand for goods increased since the European powers had acquired colonies and sold their goods in these colonies.
3. But merchants could not expand production within towns because the urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful.
4. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products.
• It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to countryside.
9. In what ways the proto-industrial production helped the poor farmers in countryside?
1. In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began looking for merchants. This was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were closed.
2. Cottagers and poor peasants, who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, had to now look for alternative sources of income.
3. Many had small land holdings, which could not provide work for all the members of the family.
4. So merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasants eagerly agreed.
5. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.
6. So income from proto-industrialisation supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation and raised their standard of living.

HOT 

1. What was the Proto-industrialisation? Explain its importance.
• Even before factories began to appear on the landscape of England and Europe, there was large scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians refer this phase as “Proto Industrialisation”. During this period, most of the goods were manufactured by trained craftspersons for the international market
1. The Proto-Industrial system was a part of a network of commercial exchanges.
2. It was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories.
3. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.
2. “Although wages increased somewhat in the 19th century, yet they could not improve the welfare of the workers.” How far do you agree with the statement? Explain any two points.
1. Although wages increased somewhat in the 19th century, yet they could not improve the welfare of the workers.
2. Actually due to prices which rose during Napoleonic war, due to inflation it hardly affected the improved wages of workers.
3. During war period, unemployment also existed, so there was more need of employment than the wages.
3. Till the first World War, industrial growth was slow’. Give reasons for this.
1. The war created a dramatically new situation, with the British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army.
2. Manchester imports into India declined. Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
3. As the war continued, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs like jute bags, cloth for uniform, boots, etc. 
4. Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war.
5. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
6. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.

Self Question

1. Who invented the ‘Spinning Jenny’ and in which year?
2. When did the exports of British cotton goods increase dramatically?
3. Name the pre-colonial port which connected India to the Gulf countries and the Red Sea Ports.
4. Who were the Koshtis?
5. Name the Indian port which lost its importance during the colonial rule.
6. Explain how were Indian merchants and bankers involved in the export trade in the early 18th century.
7. Highlight the position of weavers who produced coarse cloth in the 20th century.
8. How did the cotton weavers in India suffer due to Manchester import?
9. State any three functions of a Jobber.
10. Highlight any 3 benefits of industrialisation on the society.
11. Analyse the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore in the field of industrial development.
12. How did handloom cloth production expand steadily in the 20th century? Explain.
13. By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. Explain.
14. How was the life of Indian weavers were affected by Indian traders under company rule?
15. “The increase of labour in the market affected the lives of workers.” Explain the statement in context of 19th century Britain.
16. Explain the reasons for the decline of Indian textile industry by the end of 19th century.

Important Terms:

1. Orient: The countries of the East of the Mediterranean, mainly referring to Asia. The term originated from the western view point that saw this region as pre-modern, mysterious as well as traditional.
2. Proto-industrialisation: Was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for the establishment of fully industrial societies.
3. Industrialisation: It is known as a process in which an economy is transformed from agricultural to manufacturing goods.
4. Industrial Revolution: During the late 1700s to early 1800s, Great Britain began with industrial revolution which spread throughout the world. The period mainly refers to the mechanisation of agriculture and textile manufacturing. It also includes building up of steam ships and railroads.
5. Stapler: A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fibre.
6. Fullers: A person who gathers cloth by pleating.
7. Carding: It is a process in which fibres, such as wool or cotton, are prepared prior to spinning.
8. Spinning Jenny: Is a multi-spindle frame and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented by James Hargreaves.
9. Sepoy: It was a British pronunciation of a hindi word sipahi, which refers to an Indian soldier in the service of the British.
10. Fly-shuttle: It is a mechanical device used for weaving and moved by the means of ropes and pullies.

• 1730s – Earliest factories were established in England.
  1840s – Cotton textile came up as the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation.
  1850s – India saw a decline and desolation of cotton.
  1854 – Establishment of the first cotton mill in Bombay.
  1860s – Increase in the demand of Iron and Steel.
  1874 – First spinning and weaving mill of Madras was established.
  1900 – A popular music publisher, E.T. Paull produced a music book.
  1900-1912 – Cotton prices in India doubled.
  1917 – First Indian jute mill in Calcutta was established.
  1900-1940 – Handloom cloth production expanded.

The Age of Industrialisation

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